Are dogs capable of deception?

    • Gold Top Dog

    Lee Charles Kelley

    Are you talking about a wolf pup stalking an adult, or an adolescent wolf doing so?

     

    Pup or adolescent, it doesn't matter.

    Lee Charles Kelley
    As for nervousness, I didn't mean it the way you seem to have taken it.

     

    I took it verbatim as you wrote it.  Perhaps you wrote it down incorrectly.  You mentioned that prey animals don't make eye contact, and then equated that to the behavior that I, and many others, have noted as deception.  

     

    Lee Charles Kelley
    As I see it, all behavior is the result of tension and release

    I won't disagree with this, but I will say that behavior chains from canids can be utterly complicated and involved, and often will contain deception as part of the behavior chain.  Dog play often involves deception.  Hunting behavior often involves deception, and as mentioned in another post, camouflage.

    Lee Charles Kelley
    But again, breaking eye contact is a way of reducing tension.

    If that is so, then breaking eye contact with a more dominant being would be self-preserving, would it not?  I challenge you, or anyone else to get into a staring contest with my dog.  He'll stare eye to eye with any dog, person, or other being for hours.

    Lee Charles Kelley
    Certainly the ability to avoid danger must be hard-wired as part of the adult wolf's behavioral repertoire.

    It's called the "Fight or Flight" response.  Here's a short description in case you need a reminder:

    • In the physiological sense of the term, the animal will secrete adrenaline increasing blood flow to the muscles, heart rate increases, as well as blood being shunted from the digestive tract and associated organs. Behaviorally the animal will display a host of possible behaviors. The common behavior for wild canids is to flee unless forced to defend itself.
    Source

    So therefore the "Flight" response is the same in predator or prey.  However we see the "stalked" dog, during the game, being deceptive, not making eye contact but instead using peripheral vision-in order to continue the game.  Dogs like to play games.  If the stalked dog makes eye contact, that particular round of "the game" is over.  So it behooves the dog(s) to continue the game.

    Even the stalking dog knows that the stalked dog is aware of it.  But continues along with the game.

     

    Lee Charles Kelley
    When he does, he has two choices, he can go ahead and play with the youngster (which isn't very likely, but possible), which would be one means of reducing his tension, or he can try to defuse his tension in another way, such as growling, lunging at the younger wolf, or simply breaking eye contact.


     

    Actually, if you watch videos of wolf packs at play, or African Wild Dogs, or even Coyote families, you'll see adults of both sexes play with pups of almost all ages. 

     

    Lee Charles Kelley
    Going back to the bison example I gave earlier, the breaking of eye contact with the wolves isn't a pretense on the part of the bison

    I didn't say it was.  I know next to nothing about Bison or other ruminant behavior, so you're the bull expert in this thread. 


     

    • Gold Top Dog

    spiritdogs

    Interesting that you should mention this, Kim.  I had a dog at one of my play groups once.  Very confident fellow, this one - and he came in, grabbed the first rope tug he found, and proceeded to play the "keep away" game with a bunch of other dogs.  He just dodged them, and there was no staring, no growling, absolutely no indication that he was anything but a normal player.  Then, he stopped, walked up to a particular dog (the kind that is always the bullied dog), made a couple of head tosses with the tug in his mouth (as if to say, "want this? let's play";).  The other dog didn't dare grab at it, of course (possession being 10/10 of the law with most dogs), so our hero tossed it at the other dog so that it landed just between his paws (both dogs were standing).  The wussy dog looked at the tug (immediately the tosser started wagging his tail, but staccato and stiff).  Wussy dog made a millimeter move toward the tug, and the "playmate" attacked.  Fortunately, I and another trainer noted the staccato and were on our way to break it up, which we did quickly.  But, having seen this, I am convinced that dog A really did bait dog B into picking up that tug.  Interesting behavior.

    Interesting behavior indeed.  I captured a very similar situation on video.  It was a simple game of I got the toy and you try and get it.  The toy passes from one dog to another and the law of 10/10 does not apply with the dogs under my care.  I love the part where the Collie mix rolls the toy between the legs of the black Great Dane, I guess to start a similar game like the GD and hound.  But the black GD has a different idea of fun. 

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4tZ_98mDAg

    • Gold Top Dog

    This is off topic, but with thoughts of what animals are and are not capable of, I read a remarkable story in the paper today about 2 beached whales guided to safety by a local dolphin:

    http://www.smh.com.au/news/whale-watch/hero-dolphin/2008/03/12/1205126014194.html

     People like to glorify whales and dolphins, but hey, that's understandable. I for one don't have an explanation for this.

    • Gold Top Dog

    corvus
    I read a remarkable story in the paper today about 2 beached whales guided to safety by a local dolphin

     

    I posted the story in NDR. Fascinating, right?

    DPU, adorable video! They love to play together. My dogs play that game, too. They take it right out of the other's mouth. That's the rules. LOL  

    • Gold Top Dog

    LCK1:Are you talking about a wolf pup stalking an adult, or an adolescent wolf doing so?

    X: Pup or adolescent, it doesn't matter.

    LCK2: Of course it matters. There's a tremendous difference in how and why adult wolves interact with pups as opposed to how and why they interact with adolescents. With pups the desire of the adult seems to be to build the pup's confidence. With adolescents the underlying desire, in terms of how they interact, is quite different, it's mostly about teaching hunting skills, and getting the younger dog to "grow up."

    LCK1: As I see it, all behavior is the result of tension and release

    X: I won't disagree with this, but I will say that behavior chains from canids can be utterly complicated and involved, and often will contain deception as part of the behavior chain.  Dog play often involves deception.  Hunting behavior often involves deception, and as mentioned in another post, camouflage.

    LCK2: I wasn't responding to the idea that a chameleon or octopus camouflages itself, but the idea that dogs "pretend" not to notice being stalked. I also question your premise that deception is automatically part of a dog's behavioral repertoire. To me that's much too thoughtcentric to be valid.

    LCK1: But again, breaking eye contact is a way of reducing tension.

    X: If that is so, then breaking eye contact with a more dominant being would be self-preserving, would it not? 

    LCK2: Why would you think that? Do you suppose I meant that breaking eye contact is a way that one dog has of reducing another dog's tension? That's just silly. All a dog can be concerned with is the energetic changes in his own internal states, and how his behaviors, as well as the behaviors of others impact on those states. I don't think it has anything to do with self-preservation. In fact I don't think self-preservation is ever an issue for dogs. Feeling safe is, certainly. And wanting to feel safe. But dogs have no ability to know or understand the need for self-preservation. To do that they'd have to be aware of their own mortality.

    I know this may seem like a semantic distinction (though I think semantics can be very important), but in my view that's how a lot of this folklore that dogs can "think" gets started. The ideas, for example, that dogs mark their territory to "send a message to other dogs," or that a dog who goes through a door first "thinks" he's alpha. There's a lot of folklore (which, in my view, includes the "survival" instinct) which subconsciously tells us that dogs can think.

    So back to your statement: how can a dog process the idea that he needs to preserve his own life? Is he aware of his mortality as well as being aware of another dog's thoughts?

    X: I challenge you, or anyone else to get into a staring contest with my dog.  He'll stare eye to eye with any dog, person, or other being for hours.

    LCK2: Oh, please.

    LCK1: Certainly the ability to avoid danger must be hard-wired as part of the adult wolf's behavioral repertoire.

    X: It's called the "Fight or Flight" response.  Here's a short description in case you need a reminder:

    LCK2: What you're patronizing me, now? That's my shtick! 

    X: So therefore the "Flight" response is the same in predator or prey. 

    LCK2: Yeah, I know. I explained that already in another post. 

    X: However we see the "stalked" dog, during the game, being deceptive, not making eye contact but instead using peripheral vision-in order to continue the game. 

    LCK2: Exactly true, sort of. At least about the peripheral vision (though again, you're still missing the simplest explanation). But you're right that if he wanted to discontinue the game entirely, he'd walk away, or sniff the ground. The fact that he breaks eye-contact doesn't automatically mean he doesn't want to play, nor does it automatically mean he's being "deceptive." That's anthropomorphic. No, it's simply a matter of how much tension he can or wants to handle at that moment, and how he chooses to deal with the tension that's suddenly arisen. I mean, that's the fundamental cause of the behavior. If you want to think he's being deceptive, fine. It's certainly possible to read it that way, but it also brings up a lot of questions about theory of mind and levels of consciousness that are very, very iffy.  

    X: Dogs like to play games. 

    LCK2: Really? I did not know that. Perhaps you missed the post where I linked to a blog article I wrote on how important play is to a dog's happiness and neurological development. Or the fact that most of my training method is based on play, as opposed to dominance or +R. (And not, play is no just another form of +R; my article explains why not.)

    X: If the stalked dog makes eye contact, that particular round of "the game" is over. 

    LCK2: Not necessarily, it just changes the particular dynamics of the game. The breaking of eye contact just indicates to me that the dog isn't quite ready or comfortable enough with the other dog's energy to immediately start wrestling or to start a chase.

    X: Even the stalking dog knows that the stalked dog is aware of it.

    LCK2: How can one dog possibly know what another dog is aware of? Seriously. Explain how that's possible. He can certainly feel the other dog's emotional state by the way the other dog's behavior (or lack of it) impinges on his own emotional state. But how can a dog even be aware of his own emotional states? He would have to have the ability to use and understand language to be that self-aware. (Helen Keller said that before she learned sign language she had no awareness of her own emotional states.) So you first have to explain how the dog has an awareness of his own emotional states, then you have to explain how the dog can be aware of what the other dog is aware of. That's a pretty tall order.

    Look, you seem to have taken a snide, snotty tone with me. Perhaps you feel that I was being snide with you (I certainly have been in this post), and you were just responding in kind. Maybe you're just snotty in general. I have no way of knowing. If your attitude is a response to something you perceived in my previous post, I apologize for that. And if you want to believe dogs are capable of being aware of another dog's thought processes, be my guest. But if you're going to assert things like that it would be helpful for you to explain how these amazing mental feats are done. That's all.

    LCK 

    • Gold Top Dog

    Lee Charles Kelley

    I know this may seem like a semantic distinction (though I think semantics can be very important), but in my view that's how a lot of this folklore that dogs can "think" gets started. The ideas, for example, that dogs mark their territory to "send a message to other dogs," or that a dog who goes through a door first "thinks" he's alpha. There's a lot of folklore (which, in my view, includes the "survival" instinct) which subconsciously tells us that dogs can think.

    So back to your statement: how can a dog process the idea that he needs to preserve his own life?

     

    Semantics?  I wasn't speaking in semantics, nor was I using folklore, nor was I utilizing anything other than simple behavioral observation.  But to continue onwards:

    I don't have an explanation as to the "how" a dog can process that idea.  I just know it's pretty much ingrained in almost every animal.  Are there times when an animal (humans included) act against the self-preserving idea?  Absolutely. 

    How does an animal know that if the fire in the woods is coming, that he/she shouldn't stick around and see what happens?  What taught that animal that a forest fire is something to get away from?  Strange, but you'll find loads of animals fleeing from a forest fire-canids included. 

    How does an animal process the "danger" idea in a forest fire, without ever having been burnt by a forest fire before?

    Lee Charles Kelley
    LCK2: Oh, please.



    Come on over then!

    Lee Charles Kelley
    LCK2: What you're patronizing me, now? That's my shtick! 

     

    Apparently I've been doing it longer on this board than you have.Wink

    Lee Charles Kelley
    LCK2: Exactly true, sort of. At least about the peripheral vision (though again, you're still missing the simplest explanation). But you're right that if he wanted to discontinue the game entirely, he'd walk away, or sniff the ground.

     

    Actually, depending upon the dogs involved in the game, the sniff can be part of the deception. 

    Lee Charles Kelley
    If you want to think he's being deceptive, fine. It's certainly possible to read it that way, but it also brings up a lot of questions about theory of mind and levels of consciousness that are very, very iffy.  

     

    I encourage you to work with, live with and study primitive dogs especially ones that have only recently been imported into the US.  You'll find a large different in behaviorisms, especially with reference to neotenic behaviors and thought processes that have been bred into "pet" canids.

     

    Lee Charles Kelley
    LCK2: Really? I did not know that. Perhaps you missed the post where I linked to a blog article I wrote on how important play is to a dog's happiness and neurological development. Or the fact that most of my training method is based on play, as opposed to dominance or +R. (And not, play is no just another form of +R; my article explains why not.)

    Then that's something we have in common.  I, too, used playtraining and still use it.  Smile


    Lee Charles Kelley

    X: If the stalked dog makes eye contact, that particular round of "the game" is over. 

    LCK2: Not necessarily, it just changes the particular dynamics of the game. The breaking of eye contact just indicates to me that the dog isn't quite ready or comfortable enough with the other dog's energy to immediately start wrestling or to start a chase.

     

    Making, not breaking eye contact.

    After observing hundreds of these games, I have noticed one thing in particular.  When the "stalked" dog makes eye contact the "stalking" dog always resets itself and begins again.  That's the thing though, stalker and stalkee have to make eye-to-eye contact.  It doesn't count if stalkee looks at stalker's foot-eye contact must be made.

    Lee Charles Kelley
    LCK2: How can one dog possibly know what another dog is aware of? Seriously. Explain how that's possible.

     

    Because the stalked dog is engaging in the "game."  In most instances of the "stalking game" the game itself can be composed of almost endless rounds of "stalking."  Sometimes the players switch roles, sometimes they don't.  (My dog is always hunted because he cannot be caught, and as the stalker he merely pounces and he's caught the "prey.";) 

    I suppose it's possible that during the first round that the stalked animal might not know he's being stalked.  Usually though, the body language of the stalking animal gives it away.  One glance at the stalking animal and the "prey" animal knows what game is being played.  If the "prey" is willing, he might present his side (I'm a big dumb cow/I'm non threatening) or continue to sniff the ground, remaining in the same area, or possibly even lie down (look I'm a vulnerable animal/ I'm making it easy for you this time.)  So these are obvious signals to the "hunter" that they "prey" is a willing victim.  That is how one dog knows what the other is thinking-communication.

    Lee Charles Kelley
    But how can a dog even be aware of his own emotional states?

    Now who's being anthropomorphic?   

     

    Lee Charles Kelley
    He would have to have the ability to use and understand language to be that self-aware
     

     
    Dogs have a language.  Listen and watch.  It's a subtle language of looks, movements, postures-but it's a language.

    Lee Charles Kelley
    So you first have to explain how the dog has an awareness of his own emotional states, then you have to explain how the dog can be aware of what the other dog is aware of. That's a pretty tall order.

     

    Again, you're bringing emotion into this, not me.  I don't have to explain something that you're interjecting into this discussion.  That's your job.  My job is to defend my position.

    Lee Charles Kelley
    Look, you seem to have taken a snide, snotty tone with me. Perhaps you feel that I was being snide with you

     

    I was.  You were.  No biggie, this is the internet.

    Lee Charles Kelley
    But if you're going to assert things like that it would be helpful for you to explain how these amazing mental feats are done. That's all.

     

    I did, and they're not amazing mental feats.   I didn't mention emotional state, you did.  Where it came from, I have no idea. 

     

    • Gold Top Dog

    Lee Charles Kelley
    But dogs have no ability to know or understand the need for self-preservation. To do that they'd have to be aware of their own mortality.

    And I could return the challenge and say "prove it." And using the razor or the canon is not actually proof as those maxims are just that, rules of thumb but not proven scientific fact, per se. That is, simply saying that the energy theory is simpler than ToM, etc. doesn't make the energy theory correct, just more aligned with basic energy exchange. Any and every creature has the drive to self-preservation. It takes more effort, imo, to counter-act that.

    A man broke into a house and was armed with a gun. And threatened the family. Their dog jumped to the aggressing offender and attacked in defense of his family, when the safe thing to do might have been to run and hide. The crook shot the dog, who later died. We can't know exactly what the dog was thinking so we can't say if he was just reacting to a stimulus or purposefully put himself in harm's way. Some behaviors like that, concscious or not, are beneficial to the species because it draws the predator away from the off-spring. Doves will do that. If you approach the nest, the dove will fly away, distracting your attention from the nest. But they are prey. A dog would be similar to a predator. We assume (?) that a dog cannot contemplate his mortality because he can't write it down in English or Farsi. And there may yet be a canid version of Renee Descartes. I'm not saying that dogs contemplate their own mortality but I'm not saying it can't happen, either. And there has been a number of people here with fatally ill dogs and the dog was able through behavior or a look to let them know that this mortal coil had become too much of a burden. Dogs are stoic, normally, and will hide injury to avoid predation. Is that not a sign of contemplating mortality? "I better not act like it hurts or I may get picked off."

    I'm not saying that your wrong but just saying something doesn't make it so. And this question may not be solved soon. Nor would I be out of place in asking for a proof. A number of times here, someone has used corrections in training, have seemingly happy dogs, in my anthrocentric opinion, and have asked others to prove that their dogs are not happy. And that was a fair challenge, then.

    I'm not saying that energy exchange or reading of energy through behavior and sound doesn't happen. But I don't think it disproves a more complex process, or even a simple process of a higher cognitive order.

     

    • Gold Top Dog

    spiritdogs,

    This was on my mind recently. I remember reading about this in Stanley Coren's "How To Speak Dog" and also more recently Patricia McConnell wrote an article about it in Bark Magazine.

    One of the stories that really sticks out is the one from the Coren book (I think). It was about a dog that had his favorite spot on a couch. When the other dogs in the house were covering the couch and in this particular dog's favorite spot, he would go to the top of the stairs and start barking. As soon as the other dogs were off the couch and barking at the top of the stairs with him, the dog would go to the couch in his favorite spot. The dog would do this whenever the situation called for it.