In operant conditioning:
POSITIVE (+) means adding something to the animal's environment
NEGATIVE (-) means removing something from the animal's environment
REINFORCEMENT (R) means something that will increase the liklihood of a particular behavior happening again
PUNISHMENT (P) means something that will decrease the likelihood of a particular behavior happening again.
These four terms are combined in four different ways:
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT (+R)
Means adding something to the animal's environment that will increase the liklihood of a behavior happening again.
Example: giving a dog a food treat when the dog sits down (adding something, a treat, that reinforces the behavior offered by the animal)
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT (+P)
Means adding something to the animal's environment that will decrease the likelihood of a behavior happening again.
Example: applying a correction with a choker collar when the dog breaks heel position (adding something, the pain caused by the collar, that will decrease the likliehood of the behavior--breaking heel--happening again)
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT (-R)
Means removing something from the animal's environment that will increase the likliehood of a beheavior happening again.
Example: letting a dog feel the pressure of a prong collar until it falls back in to loose leash at which point that pressure goes away. The pressure being removed increases the likelihood that the dog will walk on loose leash in the future. Of the 4 quadrants, this is kind of the trickiest one to come up with good examples of.
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT (-P)
Means removing something from the animal's environment that will decrease the likelihood of a behavior happening again.
Example: Dog breaks stay before going for a walk, the door is closed and the leash is dropped and the walk goes away (temporarily).