p. 3 "When compared with infectious (attenuated,
avirulent, modified live, recombinant viral vectored) vaccines, noninfectious
vaccines are more likely to produce local and systemic adverse reactions in some
dogs."
p.10 "Most noninfectious vaccines require at least
two initial doses to immunize, regardless of the dog's age. The first does of a
noninfectious vaccine generally primes the immune response and the second dose,
which should be administered 2-6 weeks later, provides the protective immune
response. Immunity typically develops approximately 7 days after the second
dose. Therefore, the minimum time for onset of immunity is approximately 3 wk
after administration of the first dose of a noninfectious vaccine"
p. 12 "Because dogs older than 14-16 wk of age are
not likely to have interfering levels of MDA [maternally derived antibodies],
administration of a single initial dose of an infectious vaccine to an adult dog
can be expected to induce a protective immune response. ..... MDA is the most
common reason early vaccination fails to immunize."
p. 12 "The onset of immunity after administration
of a single dose of infectious core vaccine is approximately 4+3 days in
the absence of MDA [maternally derived antibodies]."
p.13 "Infectious core vaccines are not only highly
effective, they also provide the longest DOI [duration of immunity], extending
from 5 yr up to the life of the dog."
p. 17 "Despite the confusion and controversy
surrounding antibody testing, these serologic tests are useful for monitoring
immunity to CDV, CPV-2, CAV-1, and RV. .....On completion of the puppy core
vaccination series with the last dose given at 14-16 wk of age, a dog can be
expected to have an antibody titer or positive test result, regardless of the
serologic test performed, provided the serum sample is collected > 2
wk after the last dose of vaccine." (CDV=distemper, CPV-2 = parvovirus, CAV-1
hepatitis, RV= rabies)
p. 18 "....the last dose of CDV and CPV should be
administered at 14-16 wk of age. At this age, MDA should be at a level that
will not block active immunity in most puppies (>98%) when a combination MLV
vaccine is administered."
p. 18 "In a study reported in 1997, dogs vaccinated
with a product containing CDV (canine distemper virus) and then placed in an
environment without CDV maintained antibody titers for at least 10
yr."
p. 20 "...the list that follows includes categories
of adverse reactions that have been attributed to vaccine
administration.
-Injection-site reactions: lumps (abscess,
granuloma, seroma), pain, swelling, hair loss associated with ischemic
vasculitis
-Transient postvaccinal nonspecific illness:
lethargy, anorexia, fever, regional lymphadenomegaly, soreness, abortion,
encephalitis, polyneuritis, arthritis, seizures, behavioral changes, hair loss
or color change at the injection site, respiratory disease
-Allergic (hypersensitivity) and immune-mediated
reactions:
Type 1 (acute anaphylaxis): angiodema
(especially the head), anaphylaxis (shock) and death
Type 2 (cytolytic): immune-mediated hemolytic
anemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (suspected only; causality has not been
confirmed)
Type 3 (immune-complex): cutaneous ischemic
vasculopathy associated with rabies vaccine, corneal edema ('blue-eye';)
associated with CAV-1 vaccine, immune-mediated disease.
-Tumorigenesis: vaccine-associated sarcoma or
other tumors
Multisystemic infectious/inflammatory disorder of
young Weimaraner dogs: may be genetically linked to both a poorly characterized
immunodeficiency and to autoimmune disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism and
hypertrophic osteodystrophy [HOD] that are detected shortly after
vaccination
-Vaccine-induced immunosuppression: associated
with first or second dose of combination MLV vaccines containing CDV and CAV-1
or CAV-2 with or without other vaccines (e.g., CPV-2, CPI). Immunosuppression
begins 3 days after vaccination and persists for 7-10 days. The suppression may
be associated with increased susceptibility to other diseases.
p. 21 "It is reasonable to avoid administration of
any vaccine to patients with a history of systemic disease suspected to be
associated with previous vaccination (e.g., immune-mediated hemolytic anemia,
immune-mediated thrombocytopenia) or known to be caused by vaccine
(vaccination-site cutaneous ischemic vasculitis after administration of rabies
vaccine).
p. 28 "As with pregnant dogs, veterinary medicine
has advised against vaccination during illness, due to concerns about suboptimal
protection, or worse, vaccine-induced illness."
p. 29 "Manufacturers only recommend administration
of vaccine to healthy dogs. Dogs receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy
should not be vaccinated. Doing so may result in a suboptimal immune response
or may aggravate (reactivate) an immune-mediated illness."
p.33 "Vaccine adverse events are significantly
underreported in veterinary medicine."
p. 34 "The vaccination protocol that includes the
minimum number of vaccines yet still provides a reasonable opportunity to
immunize the dog would be: a single dose of combined infectious (attenuated,
avirulent, modified live, recombinant viral vectored) CDV, MLV CPV-2, with MLV
CAV-2, administered at 16 wk of age or older, plus a rabies shot at the same
time (but inoculated at a separate site on the body)."